![]() ![]() After death the body was brought to a tent, called the Place of Purification or the Good House, where it was washed. ![]() The cheapest method involved removal of the internal organs by a similar method and then mummification of the body.Īlthough mummification methods changed over the course of the centuries, the following is a description of an 'average' method for human mummies we know much less about the mummification methods of animals, although there is a Demotic papyrus describing the ritual of embalming an Apis bull. The less expensive method involved cedar oil being injected into the body through the anus the body was then mummified and finally the oil was removed, bearing with it the liquefied internal organs. Next, the internal organs were removed from the body through an incision, the cavity was cleansed, the opening closed and the body covered for 70 days with natron after that time the body was washed and wrapped. The most expensive method involved the brains being removed through the nose with an iron hook, with the remains then being rinsed out. Then there were three differently priced treatment methods. Herodotus tells us that the relatives were shown wooden models of mummies from which they could choose. Egyptian texts do not say much about the mummification process on the other hand, several classical authors (Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus and fragments of Plutarch) have described the process in detail. The Egyptians themselves called a mummy a 'sah'. It used to be thought that the dark colour of the mummies was a result of the use of bitumen during the mummification process. The term comes from Arabic, where the word 'mumiya' means bitumen or asphalt. ^ A.B.Term used to refer to the dead body of a person or animal, treated in such a way that it does not decay.Schwabe - Cattle, Priests, and Progress in Medicine (p.99) published by University of Minnesota Press,, 292 pages, ISBN 0816658676 published by Peter Lang publishing, 302 pages. Sacred Bull, Holy Cow: A Cultural Study of Civilization's Most Important Animal. 3873 - Volume 50 of Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta (pages - 1,3). Unwrapping Ancient Egypt: The Shroud, the Secret and the Sacred (p.81). ![]() Oxford University Press, 2004 (reprint), 257 pages. Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. The papyrus was contained within the Kunsthistoriches Museum at a time circa 1993. ![]() In 1886, von Bergmann published a photolithograph of it, and in 1920 Wilhelm Spiegelberg published the first translation. Heinrich Brugsch was the first scholar to study the papyrus. The papyrus was purchased in 1821 by Dr Ernst August Burghart for the Münz und Antikencabinet at a cost of 200 Guilders Konventionschmünze. Priests performing the ritual were required to maintain hair at a long length, not bathe, to wear costumes made especially for the purposes of the fulfilment of the ritual, wail loudly, fast for four days and abstain from milk and meat for the remaining sixty-six days. Sharpes states the ritual extended to seventy days. The text shows details of the burial rites and ritual of performing an embalming of the Apis, particularly the last parts or stages of the embalming. Dating Īccording to one source the papyrus was written during the middle of the 2nd century BC, another source dates the papyrus to a period falling within the 26th Dynasty, and a third considers the papyrus dates to the 1st century C.E. The text on the papyrus is written in hieratic-demotic script, and the inscriptions are the work of two scribes. The Apis Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian artifact, the work of scribes upon papyrus, concerning the Apis bull. ![]()
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